Computer in automation

“The issue of Computing all forms of activities is now a common say in the whole universe” i.e. All activities are computerized. The question is; Is people’s comment about this true or false? Well it is half-truth because there are some areas that are still operating in the manual realm, which need to be automated.

Click Here! Computer application to many organizations and establishments could be traced from the middle of 1950’s a decade of vigorous recovery from the Second World War, which led to the technological development, and economic growth of the world. The pace of technology has since increase and today, a lot of establishment and different operations now depend on computers, due to the fact and ever increasing rate of their raw data or effective and accurate administration...

Computer in automation

“The issue of Computing all forms of activities is now a common say in the whole universe” i.e. All activities are computerized. The question is; Is people’s comment about this true or false? Well it is half-truth because there are some areas that are still operating in the manual realm, which need to be automated.

Computer application to many organizations and establishments could be traced from the middle of 1950’s a decade of vigorous recovery from the Second World War, which led to the technological development, and economic growth of the world. The pace of technology has since increase and today, a lot of establishment and different operations now depend on computers, due to the fact and ever increasing rate of their raw data or effective and accurate administration.

OSI......

Internetworking is not all about physical things, one needs to put some things together before internetworking can be achieved. Let examine the OSI layers and see how it works


The SEVEN (7) Layers of the OSI Model
APLICATION LAYER 7
PRESENTATION LAYER 6
SESSION LAYER 5
TRANSPORT LAYER 4
NETWORK LAYER 3
DATALINK LAYER 2
PHYSICAL LAYER 1


The Quick Summary of the OSI layer
Application: - This is responsible for determining when access to the network is required.

Presentation: - This ensures data is received in a useable format. Data encryption is done more.

Session: - This establishing and maintaining connections. It also responsible for ports and ensures queries for services.

Transport: - Breaks data into frames and assigns sequence numbers. Also checks for errors in data received. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange) are protocols that work on this layer.

Network: - How systems on different network segments find each other. Source Destination addresses. Subnets, Path determination exist at this layer. IP (Internet Protocol) and IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) protocols used here.

Datalink: - frame exist here. This layer handles flow control. Specifies topology and provides hardware addressing-Mac.

Physical: this transmission of the raw bit stream. Electrical signaling and hardware interface.

Internetworking ?

Internetworking involves connecting two or more computer networks via gateways using a common routing technology. The result is called an internetwork (often shortened to internet).
The most notable example of internetworking is the Internet (often, but not always, capitalized), a network of networks based on many underlying hardware technologies, but unified by an internetworking protocol standard, the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).
The network elements used to connect individual networks are known as routers, but were originally called gateways, a term that was deprecated in this context, due to confusion with functionally different devices using the same name.
The interconnection of networks with bridges (link layer devices) is sometimes incorrectly termed "internetworking", but the resulting system is simply a larger, single subnetwork, and no internetworking protocol (such as IP) is required to traverse it. However, a single computer network may be converted into an internetwork by dividing the network into segments and then adding routers between the segments.
The original term for an internetwork was catenet. Internetworking started as a way to connect disparate types of networking technology, but it became widespread through the developing need to connect two or more local area networks via some sort of wide area network. The definition now includes the connection of other types of computer networks such as personal area networks.
The Internet Protocol is designed to provide an unreliable (i.e., not guaranteed) packet service across the network. The architecture avoids intermediate network elements maintaining any state of the network. Instead, this function is assigned to the endpoints of each communication session. To transfer data reliably, applications must utilize an appropriate Transport Layer protocol, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which provides a reliable stream. Some applications use a simpler, connection-less transport protocol, User Datagram Protocol (UDP), for tasks which do not require reliable delivery of data or that require real-time service, such as video streaming

TELEWORKING

Teleworking means working remotely from an office is said to have many benefits for organisations, the environment and society. It provokes mixed reactions from its acolytes and those that experience it first -hand.